Penmanship Wikipedia. Settlers 2 10Th Anniversary Maps'>Settlers 2 10Th Anniversary Maps. Example of classic American business cursive handwriting known as Spencerian script from 1. Penmanship is the technique of writing with the hand using a writing instrument. Today, this is most commonly done with a pen, or pencil, but throughout history has included many different implements. The various generic and formal historical styles of writing are called hands whilst an individuals style of penmanship is referred to as handwriting. HistoryeditOriginseditThe earliest example of systematic writing is the Sumerian pictographic system found on clay tablets, which eventually developed around 3. BC into a modified version called cuneiform. Cuneiform is from the Latin meaning wedge shaped and was impressed on wet clay with a sharpened reed. This form of writing eventually evolved into an ideographic system where a sign represents an idea and then to a syllabic system where a sign represents a syllable. Developing around the same time, the Egyptian system of hieroglyphics also began as a pictographic script and evolved into a system of syllabic writing. Two cursive scripts were eventually created, hieratic, shortly after hieroglyphs were invented, and demotic Egyptian in the seventh century BC. Scribes wrote these scripts usually on papyrus, with ink on a reed pen. The first known alphabetical system came from the Phoenicians, who developed a vowel less system of 2. J C Alphabets Combination Letters In Calligraphy' title='J C Alphabets Combination Letters In Calligraphy' />Lojban language logo Many science fiction novels have noted how difficult, illogical, unscientific, and inefficient the English language is did you know that ghoti. ODLIS Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science by Joan M. Reitz Now available in print Order a copy of the hardcover or paperback from Libraries Unlimited. BC. 5 The Greeks eventually adapted the Phoenician alphabet around the eighth century BC. Adding vowels to the alphabet, dropping some consonants and altering the order, the Ancient Greeks developed a script which included only what we know of as capital Greek letters. The lowercase letters of Classical Greek were a later invention of the Middle Ages. The Phoenician alphabet also influenced the Hebrew and Aramaic scripts, which follow a vowel less system. One Hebrew script was only used for religious literature and by a small community of Samaritans up until the sixth century BC. Aramaic was the official script of the Babylonian, Assyrian and Persian empires and Square Hebrew the script now used in Israel developed from Aramaic around the third century AD. Amplificador Antena Wifi Usb. Handwriting based on Latin scripteditThe Romans in Southern Italy eventually adopted the Greek alphabet as modified by the Etruscans to develop Latin writing. Like the Greeks, the Romans employed stone, metal, clay, and papyrus as writing surfaces. Animal Shaped Letter Designs. Animal Alphabet Letters to Print Cut Out. Lettering Illustration by Julia Bausenhardt. Im specialized in lettering, food illustration and calligraphy. Handwriting styles which were used to produce manuscripts included square capitals, rustic capitals, uncials, and half uncials. Square capitals were employed for more formal texts based on stone inscriptional letters, while rustic capitals freer, compressed, and efficient. Uncials were rounded capitals majuscules that originally were developed by the Greeks in the third century BC, but became popular in Latin manuscripts by the fourth century AD. Roman cursive or informal handwriting started out as a derivative of the capital letters, though the tendency to write quickly and efficiently made the letters less precise. Half uncials minuscules were lowercase letters, which eventually became the national hand of Ireland. Other combinations of half uncial and cursive handwriting developed throughout Europe, including Visigothic, and Merovingian. At the end of the eighth century, Charlemagne decreed that all writings in his empire were to be written in a standard handwriting, which came to be known as Carolingian minuscule. Alcuin of York was commissioned by Charlemagne to create this new handwriting, which he did in collaboration with other scribes and based on the tradition of other Roman handwriting. Carolingian minuscule was used to produce many of the manuscripts from monasteries until the eleventh century and most lower case letters of todays European scripts derive from it. Gothic or black letter script, evolved from Carolingian, became the dominant handwriting from the twelfth century until the Italian Renaissance 1. AD. This script was not as clear as the Carolingian, but instead was narrower, darker, and denser. Because of this, the dot above the i was added in order to differentiate it from the similar pen strokes of the n, m, and u. Also, the letter u was created as separate from the v, which had previously been used for both sounds. Part of the reason for such compact handwriting was to save space, since parchment was expensive. Gothic script, being the writing style of scribes in Germany when Gutenberg invented movable type, became the model for the first type face. Another variation of Carolingian minuscule was created by the Italian humanists in the fifteenth century, called by them littera antiqua and now called humanist minuscule. This was a combination of Roman capitals and the rounded version of Carolingian minuscule. A cursive form eventually developed, and it became increasingly slanted due to the quickness with which it could be written. This manuscript handwriting, called cursive humanistic, became known as the typeface Italic used throughout Europe. Copperplate engraving influenced handwriting as it allowed penmanship copybooks to be more widely printed. Copybooks first appeared in Italy around the sixteenth century the earliest writing manuals were published by Sigismondo Fanti and Ludovico degli Arrighi. Other manuals were produced by Dutch and French writing masters later in the century, including Pierre Hamon. However, copybooks only became commonplace in England with the invention of copperplate engraving. Engraving could better produce the flourishes in handwritten script, which helped penmanship masters to produce beautiful examples for students. Some of these early penmanship manuals included those of Edward Cocker, John Seddon, and John Ayer. By the eighteenth century, schools were established to teach penmanship techniques from master penmen, especially in England and the United States. Penmanship became part of the curriculum in American schools by the early 1. Several different penmanship methods have been developed and published, including Spencerian, Getty Dubay, Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting, Icelandic Italic, Zaner Bloser, and DNealian methods among others used in American education. Example of semi cursive style Chinese calligraphy. Handwriting based on Chinese scripteditWriting systems developed in East Asia include Chinese and Japanese writing systems. Chinese characters represent whole morphemes rather than individual sounds, and consequently are visually far more complex than European scripts in some cases their pictographic origins are still visible. The earliest form of Chinese was written on bones and shells called Jiaguwen in the fourteenth century BC. Other writing surfaces used during this time included bronze, stone, jade, pottery, and clay, which became more popular after the twelfth century BC. Greater Seal script Dazhuan flourished during 1. BC and 7. 00 BC and appeared mainly in bronze vessels. Lesser Seal script Xiaozhuan is the precursor of modern complex Chinese script, which is more stylized than the Greater Seal. Chinese handwriting is considered an art, more so than illuminated manuscripts in Western culture. Calligraphy is widely practiced in China, which employs scripts such as Kaishu standard, Xingshu semi cursive, and Caoshu cursive.